this temptation was God-ordained (cf. Deuteronomy 8:2). Then once Jesus is in the desert or wilderness, Satan slithers upon the scene. Here is our second “by.” God ordained the temptation, but the tempting comes not from God (cf. James 1:13) but from the accuser.3 Jesus was tempted “by the devil.” So, quite similar to the story of Job, Satan is allowed to have his way with God’s man. Satan is allowed to put God’s righteous “servant” (cf. Job 1:8) to the test. And it is a test here. Perhaps “test”
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